According to Joseph Tetlow SJ, who headed Fr General’s Secretariat for Ignatian Spirituality in Rome for eight years, the first layperson to make the full Spiritual Exercises in the modern era was a young German woman named Hildegard Ehrtmann. In 1957, aged 26, Hildegard, a social worker from Hamburg, travelled to Cleveland, Ohio as part of the International Youth Leader Exchange Programme. She joined the Cleveland Alumni Sodality (CAS), a group of young professional men and women who met under guidance of Joseph Schell SJ from John Carroll University.